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so the moment arrived

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the end of the fifth eva

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we'd done everything we accomplished all

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of our goals all of the instruments we'd

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even put on the extra insulation on the

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outside of the telescope

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and

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to my great surprise in that moment when

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i gave hubble one last little pat and a

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salute

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i wasn't sad at all i felt really happy

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that we'd accomplished all of our goals

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we'd done our job in a little bit more

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and we were sending hubble off in the

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best shape of its entire career

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orbiting 375 miles above earth is a most

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extraordinary

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scientific tool that has forever changed

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our knowledge of the universe

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the hubble space telescope is one of the

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greatest technological achievements in

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human history

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for 20 years the world has marveled at

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its astonishing images of our dynamic

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solar system and the many wonders beyond

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jupiter-sized exoplanets orbiting other

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suns

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exploding stars and nebulas

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massive exotic galaxies

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these and other discoveries not only

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confirmed many scientific theories

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including the existence of mysterious

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dark matter and star-devouring black

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holes but also raised new questions for

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scientists to ponder about the origins

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of the universe and the endless

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diversity of the cosmos

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since the dawn of time we've looked

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skyward and wondered

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how far away are those stars and how

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many are there

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how did this all begin

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are there other worlds like ours out

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it was only 400 years ago a mere blink

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in the cosmic timeline that galileo

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first observed rings and moons on our

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neighboring planets saturn and jupiter

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this forever dispelled the myth of earth

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as the center of everything

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as centuries past telescopes became

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larger and more powerful

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able to observe far beyond the limits of

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our eyes

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[Music]

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in 1924 from atop mount wilson

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california the astronomer edwin hubble

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first observed that the universe is made

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up of billions of galaxies extending

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hubble observed that distant galaxies

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appeared to be rapidly moving away from

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us

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between galaxies hubble confirmed their

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retreat

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in 1946 the acclaimed astronomer lyman

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spitzer proposed building a large

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telescope to orbit the earth

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free of the atmosphere's blurring

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effects it would deliver images and

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brilliant new clarity you always need

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visionaries who can look out into the

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future and and think about what's

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possible

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and the motivation that

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lyman spitzer

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and others in his footsteps had was

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about getting above the earth's

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atmosphere

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while spitzer's idea was well received

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by astronomers it would be more than 30

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years before funding was granted to

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begin the design and development

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it took time for the technology that

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people had to catch up to lymon's

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initial conception

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named in honor of edwin hubble the

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orbiting observatory's construction

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began in 1978 with the creation of an

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enormous nearly eight-foot mirror to

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gather light from objects across the

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universe

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that's kind of the heart the soul of a

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telescope it's

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it's the thing that collects the light

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without the mirror you don't have a

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telescope

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when completed the hubble space

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telescope would contain a wide field and

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planetary camera

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a high resolution spectrograph high

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speed photometer

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a faint object camera and spectrograph

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all capable of beaming real-time data

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back to earth for analysis by scientists

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and all contained within a spacecraft as

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large as a school bus and weighing more

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hubble's journey finally began on april

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24th 1990 at nasa's kennedy space center

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in florida aboard space shuttle

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after a shuddering bone jarring launch

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hubble and its precision instruments was

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gingerly placed into orbit

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i remember

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the crew talked for months leading up to

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the flight about what the significance

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of the flight was going to be there was

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a lot of conversation back then among

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the scientific community about the big

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bang theory

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and there were those who believed that

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hubble would provide all the answers

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among the crew members we thought that

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hubble would provide lots of answers but

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that it was probably going to

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revolutionize the field of astronomy and

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astrophysics

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light from the objects it studied would

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be focused onto hubble's giant mirror

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then converted into data for downlink

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through a communications satellite to

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60-foot microwave antennas at white

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sands test facility in new mexico

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from there the data would be relayed to

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hubble's operations center at nasa's

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goddard space flight center in greenbelt

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maryland and on to the space telescope

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science institute in baltimore for

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now that the telescope was deployed the

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promised brilliance of its photography

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had astronomers eagerly anticipating

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hubble's first images

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what they got were pictures rendered

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useless by a fuzzy halo around each of

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the sided objects

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we expected that we would have to make

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adjustments to make the images as

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clear as as possible

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but as hard as we tried we could never

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get all of the fuzziness out of these

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pictures finally everybody kind of got

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around the table and said we've got

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severe collaboration and we cannot do

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anything on the ground to correct it

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well we were confident in the assessment

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that was given by the scientists and the

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engineers

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i always had this nagging feeling that

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we may have done something

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in our real struggle to get hubble out

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of the payload bay that had contributed

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the primary mirror had been polished

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perfectly but to an incorrect

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prescription

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a repair plan was needed

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nasa engineers focused their expertise

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and came up with what they believed was

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the solution

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[Music]

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december 1993

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sts-61 astronauts delivered to hubble a

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new wide field planetary camera with a

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set of internal mirrors that the

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telescope would wear like a new pair of

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eyeglasses

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when we started out on this mission

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sts-61 all the failures had not happened

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we have to we're redesigning the mission

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as more things fail

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and they were contemplating splitting

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our mission up thinking we couldn't

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possibly get all done what we got to get

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done and is morphe is happening the

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miracle on the ground was getting it all

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done and getting it onto the shuttle on

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cost and schedule and then the miracle

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in space was for the first time ever

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servicing a satellite with five evas and

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having every single spacewalk go

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perfectly

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then it all culminated what could only

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be called the day of vindication

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this time the images disappointed no one

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it took years but i finally breathed a

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sigh of relief that that i had not been

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the newly restored hubble was ready to

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work

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just nine months prior to hubble's

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successful servicing three astronomers

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at california's palomar observatory had

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discovered a comet whose enormous

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fragments now appeared to be on a

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collision course with the planet jupiter

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for hubble it was a golden opportunity

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to watch as the gas giant's atmosphere

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was blackened and scarred then racked in

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seismic waves by planet-sized chunks of

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comet

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[Music]

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with almost every new observation hubble

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was rewriting the science books and

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over time nasa would send four more

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shuttle crews to service and upgrade the

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hubble space telescope

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[Music]

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in may 2009

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sts-125 and its space shuttle atlantis

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crew performed the fifth and final

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servicing mission

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upgrades repairs and new equipment would

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give hubble a new lease on life

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it's

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just really uh a wonderful experience to

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to be there and be inside or outside of

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the telescope looking at it with the

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earth in the background uh working

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during a spacewalk is really quite a

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privilege so i i those you know those

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memories

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are the most vivid ones that i have this

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was mission specialist john grunsfeld's

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third visit to hubble

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on his sixth spacewalk grunsfeld became

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the last human to lay hands on the

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telescope so it's the synergy between

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the humans

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and the design of hubble to be serviced

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that has really given us not one hubble

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space telescope or one observatory

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but many observatories each time we

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visit it and reinvent the telescope

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hubble really is an amazing example of

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the way people and robotics works

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together in space hubble is up there

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without people operating it

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in space every day taking these great

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observations and yet it benefits from

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having people come to it and inject new

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technology so it's not a 20 year old

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telescope it's got brand new technology

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i think it's a real lesson and one of

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the one of the legacy products of hubble

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is that throughout this servicing series

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this incredible

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series of five servicing missions hubble

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has done nothing but get immensely more

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powerful

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with hubble our neighboring planets now

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reveal themselves in never-before-seen

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clarity giant gas planets like uranus

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and neptune they sound large and they

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are large but they're very far away

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and to ground-based telescopes they are

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small disks of light without a lot of

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detail hubble really

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zooms in and shows us quite a bit of

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detail on those planets surrounding us

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we now see billions of galaxies in every

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shape imaginable millions of light years

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across

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it's a single point of the sky we stared

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for 10 days with a single blank piece of

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sky

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no more than a drinking straw so you

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look up the sky and look through a

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drinking straw and we found 10 000

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galaxies in that single pinpoint of dark

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sky

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10 000 galaxies there some of those

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galaxies have been around their light

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has taken 13 billion years to reach us

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hubble's imaging of exoplanets circling

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nearby stars provides direct evidence of

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new planet systems under construction

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hubble has given us new insights about

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how stars die

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and how they are born

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hubble's discovery of a supermassive

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black hole in the center of galaxy m84

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has led astronomers to conclude that an

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immense black hole is at the center of

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most galaxies

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what we did was we put the

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spectrographic slit

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of this instrument down right on the

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core

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of this elliptical galaxy m84

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so what we're looking for is the

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signature of a black hole

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what happens there what happens in that

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environment well

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usually what happens is there's a ring

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of of gas in a very tight orbit

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around that black hole

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and that ring of gas is rotating very

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very quickly of course because the black

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hole mass is huge one way to recognize

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the presence of a black hole would be

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to measure its influence on the stars

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and gas that are that are close to it

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hubble has greatly contributed to

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astronomers knowledge of dark energy and

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how this mysterious little understood

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phenomenon is speeding up the very same

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expansion of the universe discovered by

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edwin hubble decades before

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what everybody believed was that the

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universal expansion was slowing down due

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to gravity i mean it made sense

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there are no repulsive there's no

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anti-gravity that we know of but there

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is now in hubble's 20 short years

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we've learned more about our universe

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than in the nearly 400 since galileo

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hubble's last servicing mission marks

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the telescope's new beginning

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more powerful than ever it will lead our

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exploration of the cosmos for several

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years to come to come to the end of that

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time

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and release hubble and think you know

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everything we came to do

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got done made me feel really proud about

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the whole team the way we'd work

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together hopeful for the future with

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hubble that everything we've done

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actually worked and when they checked it

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out

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and

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just thinking about what hubble could do

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now that we've given it a new lease on

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life it was very rewarding not many

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humans get to work on things

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that a hundred years from now

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history will remember

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hubble is certainly one of them the

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hubble touches people not only for the

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science but it touches people for its

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aesthetics and its beauty and the people

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that choose what to study have done the

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right thing

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they've done an extraordinary job of not

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only getting great science but also the

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beauty of the universe 400 years from

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now they'll look back and they'll say

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well the hubble really did change the

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way we see the universe

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i think the scientific legacy is that

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textbooks have been rewritten because of

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hubble i think the fact that we didn't

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know 20 years ago about black holes or

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exosolar planets or galaxy evolution

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dark energy we didn't know we could

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measure dark matter i mean we're at a

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point in our history where we have now

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discovered we only understand four

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percent of the universe

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the rest of it is completely unknown

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waiting in the wings is nasa's next

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generation

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telescope when it is launched in 2014

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the james webb space telescope will soar

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deeper into space and look even farther

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back in time to unexplored territory at

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the beginning of our universe

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and the hubble has shown us if you like

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the peaks of the iceberg those very

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first galaxies the james webb is going

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to penetrate right into what we call

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these dark ages where those very first

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galaxies are probably lurking out of

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sight from us currently the hubble

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telescope has made a remarkable journey

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from imagination

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to reality

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it has not only transformed the way we

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view the universe but also fundamentally

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changed how we view ourselves

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our place in the ever expanding cosmos